▶ 調査レポート

世界のクリーンエアワークステーション市場2023年:企業・地域・種類・用途別分析

• 英文タイトル:Global Clean Air Workstation Market 2023 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2029

GlobalInfoResearchが調査・発行した産業分析レポートです。世界のクリーンエアワークステーション市場2023年:企業・地域・種類・用途別分析 / Global Clean Air Workstation Market 2023 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2029 / MRC309Z3585資料のイメージです。• レポートコード:MRC309Z3585
• 出版社/出版日:GlobalInfoResearch / 2023年9月
• レポート形態:英文、PDF、105ページ
• 納品方法:Eメール(2-3営業日)
• 産業分類:機械&装置
• 販売価格(消費税別)
  Single User¥487,200 (USD3,480)▷ お問い合わせ
  Corporate User¥974,400 (USD6,960)▷ お問い合わせ
• ご注文方法:お問い合わせフォーム記入又はEメールでご連絡ください。
• お支払方法:銀行振込(納品後、ご請求書送付)
レポート概要
GlobalInfoResearchの最新の調査によると、世界のクリーンエアワークステーションの市場規模は2022年のxxx米ドルから2029年にはxxx米ドルと推定され、xxx%の成長率で成長すると予想されます。新型コロナウイルス感染症とロシア・ウクライナ戦争の影響を考慮しながら市場規模を推計しました。
このレポートは、世界のクリーンエアワークステーション市場に関する詳細かつ包括的な分析の結果です。定量的分析と定性的分析データが、メーカー別、地域別、国別、種類別、用途別に記載されています。

市場は常に変化しているため、本レポートでは、競争、需要と供給の傾向、および多くの市場にわたる需要の変化に影響する主要な要因を調査しました。主要な競合他社の企業概要と製品例、および2023年の市場シェア予測も記載しました。

本レポートの主な目的は次のとおりです。
- 世界および主要国の市場機会の規模を決定するため
- クリーンエアワークステーションの成長可能性を評価するため
- 各製品および最終用途市場の将来の成長を予測するため
- 市場に影響を与える競争要因を評価するため

クリーンエアワークステーション市場は種類と用途によって区分されます。2018年~2029年において、量と金額の観点から種類別および用途別セグメントの売上予測データを提供します。この分析は、適格なニッチ市場をターゲットにすることでビジネスを拡大するのに役立ちます。

種類別セグメント
・縦型、横型

用途別セグメント
・生物学&医学、光学、MEMS、科学研究、その他

主要な市場プレーヤー
・Venera、Envirco、TMC、AirClean Systems、Baker、Clean Rooms West、Mystaire、Clean Room Depot、COLANDIS GmbH、IsoTech Design、NuAire Lab Equipment、CleanZones, LLC、DFMZ Inc.、Guangzhou Lingjie Purification Equipment

地域別セグメントは次の地域・国をカバーします。
・北米(米国、カナダ、メキシコ)
・ヨーロッパ(ドイツ、フランス、イギリス、ロシア、イタリア)
・アジア太平洋(日本、中国、韓国、インド、東南アジア、オーストラリア)
・南アメリカ(ブラジル、アルゼンチン、コロンビア)
・中東およびアフリカ(サウジアラビア、UAE、エジプト、南アフリカ)

本調査レポートの内容は計15章あります。
・第1章では、クリーンエアワークステーション製品の調査範囲、市場の概要、市場の成長要因・阻害要因、および市場動向について説明します。
・第2章では、主要なクリーンエアワークステーションメーカーの企業概要、2019年~2022年までのクリーンエアワークステーションの価格、販売量、売上、市場シェアを掲載しています。
・第3章では、主要なクリーンエアワークステーションメーカーの競争状況、販売量、売上、世界市場シェアが重点的に比較分析されています。
・第4章では、2018年~2029年までの地域別クリーンエアワークステーションの販売量、売上、成長性を示しています。
・第5、6章では、2018年~2029年までのクリーンエアワークステーションの種類別と用途別の市場規模、市場シェアと成長率を掲載しています。
・第7、8、9、10、11章では、2018年~2022年までの世界の主要国での販売量、売上、市場シェア、並びに2023年~2029年までの主要地域でのクリーンエアワークステーション市場予測を収録しています。
・第12章では、市場力学、成長要因、阻害要因、トレンド、ポーターズファイブフォース分析、新型コロナウイルス感染症とロシア・ウクライナ戦争の影響を掲載しています。
・第13章では、主要な原材料、主要なサプライヤー、およびクリーンエアワークステーションの産業チェーンを掲載しています。
・第14、15章では、クリーンエアワークステーションの販売チャネル、販売業者、顧客、調査結果について説明します。

***** 目次(一部) *****

・市場概要
- クリーンエアワークステーションの概要
- 種類別分析(2018年vs2022年vs2029年):縦型、横型
- 用途別分析(2018年vs2022年vs2029年):生物学&医学、光学、MEMS、科学研究、その他
- 世界のクリーンエアワークステーション市場規模・予測
- 世界のクリーンエアワークステーション生産能力分析
- 市場の成長要因・阻害要因・動向
・メーカー情報(企業概要、製品概要、販売量、価格、売上)
- Venera、Envirco、TMC、AirClean Systems、Baker、Clean Rooms West、Mystaire、Clean Room Depot、COLANDIS GmbH、IsoTech Design、NuAire Lab Equipment、CleanZones, LLC、DFMZ Inc.、Guangzhou Lingjie Purification Equipment
・メーカー別市場シェア・市場集中度
・地域別市場分析2018年-2029年
・種類別分析2018年-2029年:縦型、横型
・用途別分析2018年-2029年:生物学&医学、光学、MEMS、科学研究、その他
・クリーンエアワークステーションの北米市場
- 種類別市場規模2018年-2029年
- 用途別市場規模2018年-2029年
- 主要国別市場規模:アメリカ、カナダ、メキシコなど
・クリーンエアワークステーションのヨーロッパ市場
- 種類別市場規模2018年-2029年
- 用途別市場規模2018年-2029年
- 主要国別市場規模:ドイツ、イギリス、フランス、ロシア、イタリアなど
・クリーンエアワークステーションのアジア市場
- 種類別市場規模2018年-2029年
- 用途別市場規模2018年-2029年
- 主要国別市場規模:中国、日本、韓国、インド、東南アジア、オーストラリアなど
・クリーンエアワークステーションの南米市場
- 種類別市場規模2018年-2029年
- 用途別市場規模2018年-2029年
- 主要国別市場規模:ブラジル、アルゼンチンなど
・クリーンエアワークステーションの中東・アフリカ市場
- 種類別市場規模2018年-2029年
- 用途別市場規模2018年-2029年
- 主要国別市場規模:サウジアラビア、トルコ、エジプト、南アフリカなど
・市場力学(成長要因、阻害要因、トレンド、ポーターズファイブフォース分析)
・原材料および産業チェーン
・販売チャネル、流通業者・代理店、顧客リスト
・調査の結果・結論

According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Clean Air Workstation market size was valued at USD million in 2022 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2029 with a CAGR of % during review period. The influence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine War were considered while estimating market sizes.
Clean air workstation can provide ISO level 5 clean air product protection for USP 797 sterile and harmless drug mixtures in pharmacies, microbiology laboratories, and agricultural research. Laminar flow hoods can be used in areas that require clean airflow in accordance with ISO 14644-1 for the production of injectable drugs and solutions, tissue culture, optics, microelectronics, and more.
This report is a detailed and comprehensive analysis for global Clean Air Workstation market. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented by manufacturers, by region & country, by Type and by Application. As the market is constantly changing, this report explores the competition, supply and demand trends, as well as key factors that contribute to its changing demands across many markets. Company profiles and product examples of selected competitors, along with market share estimates of some of the selected leaders for the year 2023, are provided.
Key Features:
Global Clean Air Workstation market size and forecasts, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2018-2029
Global Clean Air Workstation market size and forecasts by region and country, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2018-2029
Global Clean Air Workstation market size and forecasts, by Type and by Application, in consumption value ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and average selling prices (US$/Unit), 2018-2029
Global Clean Air Workstation market shares of main players, shipments in revenue ($ Million), sales quantity (Units), and ASP (US$/Unit), 2018-2023.
The Primary Objectives in This Report Are:
To determine the size of the total market opportunity of global and key countries
To assess the growth potential for Clean Air Workstation
To forecast future growth in each product and end-use market
To assess competitive factors affecting the marketplace.
This report profiles key players in the global Clean Air Workstation market based on the following parameters – company overview, production, value, price, gross margin, product portfolio, geographical presence, and key developments. Key companies covered as a part of this study include Venera, Envirco, TMC, AirClean Systems and Baker, etc.
This report also provides key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, new product launches or approvals, COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War Influence.
Market Segmentation
Clean Air Workstation market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2018-2029, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type
Vertical
Horizontal
Market segment by Application
Biology and Medicine
Optics
MEMS
Scientific Research
Other
Major players covered
Venera
Envirco
TMC
AirClean Systems
Baker
Clean Rooms West
Mystaire
Clean Room Depot
COLANDIS GmbH
IsoTech Design
NuAire Lab Equipment
CleanZones, LLC
DFMZ Inc.
Guangzhou Lingjie Purification Equipment
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Clean Air Workstation product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Clean Air Workstation, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Clean Air Workstation from 2018 to 2023.
Chapter 3, the Clean Air Workstation competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Clean Air Workstation breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value and growth by regions, from 2018 to 2029.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2018 to 2029.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value and market share for key countries in the world, from 2017 to 2022.and Clean Air Workstation market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2024 to 2029.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, Porters Five Forces analysis, and Influence of COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Clean Air Workstation.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Clean Air Workstation sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.

レポート目次

1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Clean Air Workstation
1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
1.3 Market Analysis by Type
1.3.1 Overview: Global Clean Air Workstation Consumption Value by Type: 2018 Versus 2022 Versus 2029
1.3.2 Vertical
1.3.3 Horizontal
1.4 Market Analysis by Application
1.4.1 Overview: Global Clean Air Workstation Consumption Value by Application: 2018 Versus 2022 Versus 2029
1.4.2 Biology and Medicine
1.4.3 Optics
1.4.4 MEMS
1.4.5 Scientific Research
1.4.6 Other
1.5 Global Clean Air Workstation Market Size & Forecast
1.5.1 Global Clean Air Workstation Consumption Value (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
1.5.2 Global Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity (2018-2029)
1.5.3 Global Clean Air Workstation Average Price (2018-2029)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
2.1 Venera
2.1.1 Venera Details
2.1.2 Venera Major Business
2.1.3 Venera Clean Air Workstation Product and Services
2.1.4 Venera Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.1.5 Venera Recent Developments/Updates
2.2 Envirco
2.2.1 Envirco Details
2.2.2 Envirco Major Business
2.2.3 Envirco Clean Air Workstation Product and Services
2.2.4 Envirco Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.2.5 Envirco Recent Developments/Updates
2.3 TMC
2.3.1 TMC Details
2.3.2 TMC Major Business
2.3.3 TMC Clean Air Workstation Product and Services
2.3.4 TMC Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.3.5 TMC Recent Developments/Updates
2.4 AirClean Systems
2.4.1 AirClean Systems Details
2.4.2 AirClean Systems Major Business
2.4.3 AirClean Systems Clean Air Workstation Product and Services
2.4.4 AirClean Systems Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.4.5 AirClean Systems Recent Developments/Updates
2.5 Baker
2.5.1 Baker Details
2.5.2 Baker Major Business
2.5.3 Baker Clean Air Workstation Product and Services
2.5.4 Baker Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.5.5 Baker Recent Developments/Updates
2.6 Clean Rooms West
2.6.1 Clean Rooms West Details
2.6.2 Clean Rooms West Major Business
2.6.3 Clean Rooms West Clean Air Workstation Product and Services
2.6.4 Clean Rooms West Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.6.5 Clean Rooms West Recent Developments/Updates
2.7 Mystaire
2.7.1 Mystaire Details
2.7.2 Mystaire Major Business
2.7.3 Mystaire Clean Air Workstation Product and Services
2.7.4 Mystaire Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.7.5 Mystaire Recent Developments/Updates
2.8 Clean Room Depot
2.8.1 Clean Room Depot Details
2.8.2 Clean Room Depot Major Business
2.8.3 Clean Room Depot Clean Air Workstation Product and Services
2.8.4 Clean Room Depot Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.8.5 Clean Room Depot Recent Developments/Updates
2.9 COLANDIS GmbH
2.9.1 COLANDIS GmbH Details
2.9.2 COLANDIS GmbH Major Business
2.9.3 COLANDIS GmbH Clean Air Workstation Product and Services
2.9.4 COLANDIS GmbH Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.9.5 COLANDIS GmbH Recent Developments/Updates
2.10 IsoTech Design
2.10.1 IsoTech Design Details
2.10.2 IsoTech Design Major Business
2.10.3 IsoTech Design Clean Air Workstation Product and Services
2.10.4 IsoTech Design Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.10.5 IsoTech Design Recent Developments/Updates
2.11 NuAire Lab Equipment
2.11.1 NuAire Lab Equipment Details
2.11.2 NuAire Lab Equipment Major Business
2.11.3 NuAire Lab Equipment Clean Air Workstation Product and Services
2.11.4 NuAire Lab Equipment Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.11.5 NuAire Lab Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
2.12 CleanZones, LLC
2.12.1 CleanZones, LLC Details
2.12.2 CleanZones, LLC Major Business
2.12.3 CleanZones, LLC Clean Air Workstation Product and Services
2.12.4 CleanZones, LLC Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.12.5 CleanZones, LLC Recent Developments/Updates
2.13 DFMZ Inc.
2.13.1 DFMZ Inc. Details
2.13.2 DFMZ Inc. Major Business
2.13.3 DFMZ Inc. Clean Air Workstation Product and Services
2.13.4 DFMZ Inc. Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.13.5 DFMZ Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
2.14 Guangzhou Lingjie Purification Equipment
2.14.1 Guangzhou Lingjie Purification Equipment Details
2.14.2 Guangzhou Lingjie Purification Equipment Major Business
2.14.3 Guangzhou Lingjie Purification Equipment Clean Air Workstation Product and Services
2.14.4 Guangzhou Lingjie Purification Equipment Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.14.5 Guangzhou Lingjie Purification Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Clean Air Workstation by Manufacturer
3.1 Global Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.2 Global Clean Air Workstation Revenue by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.3 Global Clean Air Workstation Average Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.4 Market Share Analysis (2022)
3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Clean Air Workstation by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2022
3.4.2 Top 3 Clean Air Workstation Manufacturer Market Share in 2022
3.4.2 Top 6 Clean Air Workstation Manufacturer Market Share in 2022
3.5 Clean Air Workstation Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
3.5.1 Clean Air Workstation Market: Region Footprint
3.5.2 Clean Air Workstation Market: Company Product Type Footprint
3.5.3 Clean Air Workstation Market: Company Product Application Footprint
3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
4.1 Global Clean Air Workstation Market Size by Region
4.1.1 Global Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Region (2018-2029)
4.1.2 Global Clean Air Workstation Consumption Value by Region (2018-2029)
4.1.3 Global Clean Air Workstation Average Price by Region (2018-2029)
4.2 North America Clean Air Workstation Consumption Value (2018-2029)
4.3 Europe Clean Air Workstation Consumption Value (2018-2029)
4.4 Asia-Pacific Clean Air Workstation Consumption Value (2018-2029)
4.5 South America Clean Air Workstation Consumption Value (2018-2029)
4.6 Middle East and Africa Clean Air Workstation Consumption Value (2018-2029)
5 Market Segment by Type
5.1 Global Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
5.2 Global Clean Air Workstation Consumption Value by Type (2018-2029)
5.3 Global Clean Air Workstation Average Price by Type (2018-2029)
6 Market Segment by Application
6.1 Global Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
6.2 Global Clean Air Workstation Consumption Value by Application (2018-2029)
6.3 Global Clean Air Workstation Average Price by Application (2018-2029)
7 North America
7.1 North America Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
7.2 North America Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
7.3 North America Clean Air Workstation Market Size by Country
7.3.1 North America Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Country (2018-2029)
7.3.2 North America Clean Air Workstation Consumption Value by Country (2018-2029)
7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
8 Europe
8.1 Europe Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
8.2 Europe Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
8.3 Europe Clean Air Workstation Market Size by Country
8.3.1 Europe Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Country (2018-2029)
8.3.2 Europe Clean Air Workstation Consumption Value by Country (2018-2029)
8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9 Asia-Pacific
9.1 Asia-Pacific Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
9.2 Asia-Pacific Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
9.3 Asia-Pacific Clean Air Workstation Market Size by Region
9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Region (2018-2029)
9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Clean Air Workstation Consumption Value by Region (2018-2029)
9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9.3.5 Korea Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
10 South America
10.1 South America Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
10.2 South America Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
10.3 South America Clean Air Workstation Market Size by Country
10.3.1 South America Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Country (2018-2029)
10.3.2 South America Clean Air Workstation Consumption Value by Country (2018-2029)
10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
11 Middle East & Africa
11.1 Middle East & Africa Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
11.2 Middle East & Africa Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
11.3 Middle East & Africa Clean Air Workstation Market Size by Country
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Clean Air Workstation Sales Quantity by Country (2018-2029)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Clean Air Workstation Consumption Value by Country (2018-2029)
11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
12 Market Dynamics
12.1 Clean Air Workstation Market Drivers
12.2 Clean Air Workstation Market Restraints
12.3 Clean Air Workstation Trends Analysis
12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
12.5 Influence of COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War
12.5.1 Influence of COVID-19
12.5.2 Influence of Russia-Ukraine War
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
13.1 Raw Material of Clean Air Workstation and Key Manufacturers
13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Clean Air Workstation
13.3 Clean Air Workstation Production Process
13.4 Clean Air Workstation Industrial Chain
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
14.1 Sales Channel
14.1.1 Direct to End-User
14.1.2 Distributors
14.2 Clean Air Workstation Typical Distributors
14.3 Clean Air Workstation Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
16.1 Methodology
16.2 Research Process and Data Source
16.3 Disclaimer