 | • レポートコード：SRT22JL0198 • 出版社/出版日：Straits Research / 2022年7月 • レポート形態：英文、PDF、131ページ • 納品方法：Eメール（受注後2-3日） • 産業分類：医療 |
| Single User | ￥570,000 (USD3,800) | ▷ お問い合わせ |
| Department License | ￥720,000 (USD4,800) | ▷ お問い合わせ |
| Corporate/Global Licence | ￥870,000 (USD5,800) | ▷ お問い合わせ |
• お支払方法：銀行振込（納品後、ご請求書送付）
レポート概要
| Straits Research社発行の当調査レポートでは、世界のコンパニオンアニマル耳感染症治療市場について広範囲に分析し、市場概要、関連企業、種類別、用途別、アジア太平洋市場、ヨーロッパ市場、北米市場、南米市場、中東・アフリカ市場などの地域分析を含めた項目を掲載しています。なお、当レポートに掲載されている主要企業情報には、Zoetis、Elanco、Dechra Pharmaceuticals、Merck & Co., Inc.、Vetoquinol、Penn Veterinary Supply, Inc.、Virbac S.A.、Ceva Santé Animale、Vedco, Inc.などが含まれています。 ・市場概要 ・企業情報 ・世界のコンパニオンアニマル耳感染症治療市場規模：種類別 ・世界のコンパニオンアニマル耳感染症治療市場規模：用途別 ・アジア太平洋のコンパニオンアニマル耳感染症治療市場規模 ・ヨーロッパのコンパニオンアニマル耳感染症治療市場規模 ・北米のコンパニオンアニマル耳感染症治療市場規模 ・南米のコンパニオンアニマル耳感染症治療市場規模 ・中東・アフリカのコンパニオンアニマル耳感染症治療市場規模 |
Summary:
In this Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market report, offers a comprehensive analysis of key market trends in the global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment market. It also includes discussion on historical trends, current market status, competitive landscape, growth opportunities and challenges which are backed by factful feedbacks. The report extensively provides quantitative analysis of the industry from 2022-2030, by Region, Type, Application. Consumption assessment by application, production by type in different regions. Furthermore, the report quantifies the market share held by the major players of the industry and provides an in-depth view of the competitive landscape. The global companion animal ear infection treatment market size was valued at USD 531.3 million in 2020 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.5% from 2022 to 2030.
Geographically, global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment market competition by top manufacturers, with production, price, revenue (value) and market share for each manufacturer; the top players including
Zoetis
Elanco
Dechra Pharmaceuticals
Merck & Co., Inc.
Vetoquinol
Penn Veterinary Supply, Inc.
Virbac S.A.
Ceva Santé Animale
Vedco, Inc.
Production, consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate are the key targets for Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment from 2022 to 2030 (forecast) in these regions
China
USA
Europe
Japan
Korea
India
Southeast Asia
South America
Reasons for Doing the Study:
This report is an update of an earlier (2022) Research study. Since the previous edition of this report was published, the Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment market has continued to evolve. In particular, the overall market growth rates forecast in the previous edition now appear to have been too high, extending the time-line for the market’s development. In order to give its readers, the most up-to-date and accurate assessment of future market opportunities.
If you have any special requirements, please let us know and we will offer you the report as you want.
レポート目次Table of Contents
Part 1 Market Overview
1.1 Market Definition
1.2 Market Development
1.2.1 Current Situation
1.2.2 Aspects of COVID-19 Impact
1.3 By Type
Table Type of Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment
Figure Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Type in 2021
1.4 By Application
Table Application of Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment
Figure Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Application in 2021
1.5 By Region
Figure Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Region in 2021
Figure Asia Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Region in 2021
Part 2 Key Companies
2.1. Company Profile
Table Overview List
2.2 Products & Services Overview
2.3 Sales Data List
Table Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Business Operation of (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
Part 3 Global Market Status and Future Forecast
3.1 Global Market by Region
Table Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Region, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Region in 2021 (Million USD)
Table Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Region, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Region in 2021 (Volume)
Table Price List by Region, 2019-2020
3.2 Global Market by Company
Table Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Company, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Company in 2021 (Million USD)
Table Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Company, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Company in 2021 (Volume)
Table Price List by Company, 2019-2020
3.3 Global Market by Type
Table Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Type, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Type in 2021 (Million USD)
Table Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Type, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Type in 2021 (Volume)
Table Price List by Type, 2019-2020
3.4 Global Market by Application
Table Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Application, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Application in 2021 (Million USD)
Table Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Application, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Application in 2021 (Volume)
Table Price List by Application, 2019-2020
3.5 Global Market by Forecast
Figure Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Global Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
Part 4 Asia-Pacific Market Status and Future Forecast
4.1 Asia-Pacific Market by Type
Table Asia-Pacific Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Type, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Asia-Pacific Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Type in 2021 (Million USD)
Table Asia-Pacific Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Type, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Asia-Pacific Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Type in 2021 (Volume)
Table Price List by Type, 2019-2020
4.2 Asia-Pacific Market by Application
Table Asia-Pacific Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Application, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Asia-Pacific Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Application in 2021 (Million USD)
Table Asia-Pacific Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Application, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Asia-Pacific Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Application in 2021 (Volume)
Table Price List by Application, 2019-2020
4.3 Asia-Pacific Market by Geography
4.3.1 China Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure China Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure China Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure China Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure China Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
4.3.2 Southeast Asia Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Southeast Asia Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Southeast Asia Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
4.3.3 India Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure India Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure India Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure India Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure India Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
4.3.4 Japan Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Japan Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Japan Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
4.3.5 Korea Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Korea Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Korea Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
4.3.6 Oceania Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Oceania Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Oceania Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Oceania Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Oceania Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
4.4 Asia-Pacific Market by Forecast
Figure Asia-Pacific Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Asia-Pacific Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
Part 5 Europe Market Status and Future Forecast
5.1 Europe Market by Type
Table Europe Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Type, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Type in 2021 (Million USD)
Table Europe Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Type, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Europe Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Type in 2021 (Volume)
Table Price List by Type, 2019-2020
5.2 Europe Market by Application
Table Europe Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Application, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Application in 2021 (Million USD)
Table Europe Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Application, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Europe Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Application in 2021 (Volume)
Table Price List by Application, 2019-2020
5.3 Europe Market by Geography
5.3.1 Germany Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Germany Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Germany Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Germany Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Germany Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
5.3.2 UK Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure UK Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure UK Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure UK Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure UK Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
5.3.3 France Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure France Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure France Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure France Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure France Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
5.3.4 Italy Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Italy Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Italy Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Italy Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Italy Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
5.3.5 Russia Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Russia Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Russia Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Russia Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Russia Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
5.3.6 Spain Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Spain Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Spain Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Spain Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Spain Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
5.3.6 Netherlands Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Netherlands Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Netherlands Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Netherlands Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Netherlands Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
5.3.7 Turkey Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Turkey Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Turkey Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Turkey Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Turkey Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
5.3.6 Switzerland Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Switzerland Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Switzerland Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Switzerland Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Switzerland Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
5.4 Europe Market by Forecast
Figure Europe Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
Part 6 North America Market Status and Future Forecast
6.1 North America Market by Type
Table North America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Type, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure North America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Type in 2021 (Million USD)
Table North America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Type, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure North America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Type in 2021 (Volume)
Table Price List by Type, 2019-2020
6.2 North America Market by Application
Table North America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Application, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure North America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Application in 2021 (Million USD)
Table North America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Application, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure North America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Application in 2021 (Volume)
Table Price List by Application, 2019-2020
6.3 North America Market by Geography
6.3.1 United States Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure United States Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure United States Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure United States Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure United States Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
6.3.2 Canada Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Canada Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Canada Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Canada Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Canada Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
6.3.3 Mexico Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Mexico Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Mexico Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Mexico Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Mexico Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
6.4 North America Market by Forecast
Figure North America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure North America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
Part 7 South America Market Status and Future Forecast
7.1 South America Market by Type
Table South America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Type, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure South America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Type in 2021 (Million USD)
Table South America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Type, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure South America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Type in 2021 (Volume)
Table Price List by Type, 2019-2020
7.2 South America Market by Application
Table South America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Application, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure South America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Application in 2021 (Million USD)
Table South America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Application, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure South America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Application in 2021 (Volume)
Table Price List by Application, 2019-2020
7.3 South America Market by Geography
7.3.1 Brazil Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Brazil Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Brazil Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Brazil Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Brazil Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
7.3.2 Argentina Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Argentina Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Argentina Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Argentina Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Argentina Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
7.3.3 Columbia Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Columbia Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Columbia Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Columbia Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Columbia Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
7.3.4 Chile Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Chile Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Chile Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Chile Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Chile Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
7.3.5 Peru Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Peru Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Peru Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Market Status, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Peru Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure Peru Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
7.4 South America Market by Forecast
Figure South America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Million USD)
Figure South America Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Forecast, 2022-2030 (Volume)
Part 8 Middle East & Africa Market Status and Future Forecast
8.1 Middle East & Africa Market by Type
Table Middle East & Africa Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Type, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Middle East & Africa Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Type in 2021 (Million USD)
Table Middle East & Africa Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Type, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Middle East & Africa Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Type in 2021 (Volume)
Table Price List by Type, 2019-2020
8.2 Middle East & Africa Market by Application
Table Middle East & Africa Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Application, 2019-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Middle East & Africa Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Application in 2021 (Million USD)
Table Middle East & Africa Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market by Application, 2019-2020 (Volume)
Figure Middle East & Africa Companion Animal Ear Infection Treatment Market Share by Application in 2021 (Volume)
Table Price List by Application, 2019-2020
8.3 Middle East & Africa Market by Geography
コンパニオンアニマル術後疼痛管理治療の世界市場2022年-2030年 Summary: In this Companion Animal Postoperative Pain Management Therapeutics Market report, offers a comprehensive analysis of key market trends in the global Companion Animal Postoperative Pain Management Therapeutics market. It also includes discussion on historical trends, current market status, …- 感染症監視ソリューションの世界市場2022年-2030年 Summary: In this Infection Surveillance Solutions Market report, offers a comprehensive analysis of key market trends in the global Infection Surveillance Solutions market. It also includes discussion on historical trends, current market status, competitive landscape, growth opportunities and challe…
- 小動物イメージング（生体内）の世界市場2022年-2030年 Summary: In this Small Animal Imaging (In-vivo) Market report, offers a comprehensive analysis of key market trends in the global Small Animal Imaging (In-vivo) market. It also includes discussion on historical trends, current market status, competitive landscape, growth opportunities and challenges…
- リンパ腫治療の世界市場2022年-2030年 Summary: In this Lymphoma Treatment Market report, offers a comprehensive analysis of key market trends in the global Lymphoma Treatment market. It also includes discussion on historical trends, current market status, competitive landscape, growth opportunities and challenges which are backed by fac…
- 先端巨大症治療の世界市場2022年-2030年 Summary: In this Acromegaly Treatment Market report, offers a comprehensive analysis of key market trends in the global Acromegaly Treatment market. It also includes discussion on historical trends, current market status, competitive landscape, growth opportunities and challenges which are backed by…