 | • レポートコード：MRC309Z5954 • 出版社/出版日：GlobalInfoResearch / 2023年9月 • レポート形態：英文、PDF、109ページ • 納品方法：Eメール（2-3営業日） • 産業分類：機械&装置 |
| Single User | ￥522,000 (USD3,480) | ▷ お問い合わせ |
| Corporate User | ￥1,044,000 (USD6,960) | ▷ お問い合わせ |
• お支払方法：銀行振込（納品後、ご請求書送付）
レポート概要
| GlobalInfoResearchの最新の調査によると、世界の超純水パーティクルカウンターの市場規模は2022年のxxx米ドルから2029年にはxxx米ドルと推定され、xxx％の成長率で成長すると予想されます。新型コロナウイルス感染症とロシア・ウクライナ戦争の影響を考慮しながら市場規模を推計しました。 このレポートは、世界の超純水パーティクルカウンター市場に関する詳細かつ包括的な分析の結果です。定量的分析と定性的分析データが、メーカー別、地域別、国別、種類別、用途別に記載されています。 市場は常に変化しているため、本レポートでは、競争、需要と供給の傾向、および多くの市場にわたる需要の変化に影響する主要な要因を調査しました。主要な競合他社の企業概要と製品例、および2023年の市場シェア予測も記載しました。 本レポートの主な目的は次のとおりです。 - 世界および主要国の市場機会の規模を決定するため - 超純水パーティクルカウンターの成長可能性を評価するため - 各製品および最終用途市場の将来の成長を予測するため - 市場に影響を与える競争要因を評価するため 超純水パーティクルカウンター市場は種類と用途によって区分されます。2018年～2029年において、量と金額の観点から種類別および用途別セグメントの売上予測データを提供します。この分析は、適格なニッチ市場をターゲットにすることでビジネスを拡大するのに役立ちます。 種類別セグメント ・レーザー散乱型、抵抗型、誘導型、その他 用途別セグメント ・化学分析、医学研究、バイオ医薬品、その他 主要な市場プレーヤー ・Hach、Particle Measuring Systems、Bakrona、Kanomax FMT、Pamas、Rion、Innovative Nanotech、Beckman、TSI、Shanxi Puluody Measurement and Control Technology 地域別セグメントは次の地域・国をカバーします。 ・北米（米国、カナダ、メキシコ） ・ヨーロッパ（ドイツ、フランス、イギリス、ロシア、イタリア） ・アジア太平洋（日本、中国、韓国、インド、東南アジア、オーストラリア） ・南アメリカ（ブラジル、アルゼンチン、コロンビア） ・中東およびアフリカ（サウジアラビア、UAE、エジプト、南アフリカ） 本調査レポートの内容は計15章あります。 ・第1章では、超純水パーティクルカウンター製品の調査範囲、市場の概要、市場の成長要因・阻害要因、および市場動向について説明します。 ・第2章では、主要な超純水パーティクルカウンターメーカーの企業概要、2019年～2022年までの超純水パーティクルカウンターの価格、販売量、売上、市場シェアを掲載しています。 ・第3章では、主要な超純水パーティクルカウンターメーカーの競争状況、販売量、売上、世界市場シェアが重点的に比較分析されています。 ・第4章では、2018年～2029年までの地域別超純水パーティクルカウンターの販売量、売上、成長性を示しています。 ・第5、6章では、2018年～2029年までの超純水パーティクルカウンターの種類別と用途別の市場規模、市場シェアと成長率を掲載しています。 ・第7、8、9、10、11章では、2018年～2022年までの世界の主要国での販売量、売上、市場シェア、並びに2023年～2029年までの主要地域での超純水パーティクルカウンター市場予測を収録しています。 ・第12章では、市場力学、成長要因、阻害要因、トレンド、ポーターズファイブフォース分析、新型コロナウイルス感染症とロシア・ウクライナ戦争の影響を掲載しています。 ・第13章では、主要な原材料、主要なサプライヤー、および超純水パーティクルカウンターの産業チェーンを掲載しています。 ・第14、15章では、超純水パーティクルカウンターの販売チャネル、販売業者、顧客、調査結果について説明します。 ***** 目次(一部) ***** ・市場概要 - 超純水パーティクルカウンターの概要 - 種類別分析（2018年vs2022年vs2029年）：レーザー散乱型、抵抗型、誘導型、その他 - 用途別分析（2018年vs2022年vs2029年）：化学分析、医学研究、バイオ医薬品、その他 - 世界の超純水パーティクルカウンター市場規模・予測 - 世界の超純水パーティクルカウンター生産能力分析 - 市場の成長要因・阻害要因・動向 ・メーカー情報（企業概要、製品概要、販売量、価格、売上） - Hach、Particle Measuring Systems、Bakrona、Kanomax FMT、Pamas、Rion、Innovative Nanotech、Beckman、TSI、Shanxi Puluody Measurement and Control Technology ・メーカー別市場シェア・市場集中度 ・地域別市場分析2018年-2029年 ・種類別分析2018年-2029年：レーザー散乱型、抵抗型、誘導型、その他 ・用途別分析2018年-2029年：化学分析、医学研究、バイオ医薬品、その他 ・超純水パーティクルカウンターの北米市場 - 種類別市場規模2018年-2029年 - 用途別市場規模2018年-2029年 - 主要国別市場規模：アメリカ、カナダ、メキシコなど ・超純水パーティクルカウンターのヨーロッパ市場 - 種類別市場規模2018年-2029年 - 用途別市場規模2018年-2029年 - 主要国別市場規模：ドイツ、イギリス、フランス、ロシア、イタリアなど ・超純水パーティクルカウンターのアジア市場 - 種類別市場規模2018年-2029年 - 用途別市場規模2018年-2029年 - 主要国別市場規模：中国、日本、韓国、インド、東南アジア、オーストラリアなど ・超純水パーティクルカウンターの南米市場 - 種類別市場規模2018年-2029年 - 用途別市場規模2018年-2029年 - 主要国別市場規模：ブラジル、アルゼンチンなど ・超純水パーティクルカウンターの中東・アフリカ市場 - 種類別市場規模2018年-2029年 - 用途別市場規模2018年-2029年 - 主要国別市場規模：サウジアラビア、トルコ、エジプト、南アフリカなど ・市場力学（成長要因、阻害要因、トレンド、ポーターズファイブフォース分析） ・原材料および産業チェーン ・販売チャネル、流通業者・代理店、顧客リスト ・調査の結果・結論 |
According to our (Global Info Research) latest study, the global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter market size was valued at USD million in 2022 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2029 with a CAGR of % during review period.
The ultrapure water particle counter is an instrument specially used to measure and count tiny particles in ultrapure water. It measures the particles in ultrapure water samples through different measurement techniques, such as laser light scattering, resistance measurement, electrostatic spread, etc. and count. It can provide the concentration, size distribution and other relevant parameters of particles with high sensitivity and accuracy, and can detect and count extremely small particles, usually in the sub-micron range, to ensure the purity and reliability of products and experiments.
The Global Info Research report includes an overview of the development of the Ultrapure Water Particle Counter industry chain, the market status of Chemical Analysis (Laser Scattering Type, Resistive), Medical Research (Laser Scattering Type, Resistive), and key enterprises in developed and developing market, and analysed the cutting-edge technology, patent, hot applications and market trends of Ultrapure Water Particle Counter.
Regionally, the report analyzes the Ultrapure Water Particle Counter markets in key regions. North America and Europe are experiencing steady growth, driven by government initiatives and increasing consumer awareness. Asia-Pacific, particularly China, leads the global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter market, with robust domestic demand, supportive policies, and a strong manufacturing base.
Key Features:
The report presents comprehensive understanding of the Ultrapure Water Particle Counter market. It provides a holistic view of the industry, as well as detailed insights into individual components and stakeholders. The report analysis market dynamics, trends, challenges, and opportunities within the Ultrapure Water Particle Counter industry.
The report involves analyzing the market at a macro level:
Market Sizing and Segmentation: Report collect data on the overall market size, including the sales quantity (K Units), revenue generated, and market share of different by Type (e.g., Laser Scattering Type, Resistive).
Industry Analysis: Report analyse the broader industry trends, such as government policies and regulations, technological advancements, consumer preferences, and market dynamics. This analysis helps in understanding the key drivers and challenges influencing the Ultrapure Water Particle Counter market.
Regional Analysis: The report involves examining the Ultrapure Water Particle Counter market at a regional or national level. Report analyses regional factors such as government incentives, infrastructure development, economic conditions, and consumer behaviour to identify variations and opportunities within different markets.
Market Projections: Report covers the gathered data and analysis to make future projections and forecasts for the Ultrapure Water Particle Counter market. This may include estimating market growth rates, predicting market demand, and identifying emerging trends.
The report also involves a more granular approach to Ultrapure Water Particle Counter:
Company Analysis: Report covers individual Ultrapure Water Particle Counter manufacturers, suppliers, and other relevant industry players. This analysis includes studying their financial performance, market positioning, product portfolios, partnerships, and strategies.
Consumer Analysis: Report covers data on consumer behaviour, preferences, and attitudes towards Ultrapure Water Particle Counter This may involve surveys, interviews, and analysis of consumer reviews and feedback from different by Application (Chemical Analysis, Medical Research).
Technology Analysis: Report covers specific technologies relevant to Ultrapure Water Particle Counter. It assesses the current state, advancements, and potential future developments in Ultrapure Water Particle Counter areas.
Competitive Landscape: By analyzing individual companies, suppliers, and consumers, the report present insights into the competitive landscape of the Ultrapure Water Particle Counter market. This analysis helps understand market share, competitive advantages, and potential areas for differentiation among industry players.
Market Validation: The report involves validating findings and projections through primary research, such as surveys, interviews, and focus groups.
Market Segmentation
Ultrapure Water Particle Counter market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2018-2029, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value.
Market segment by Type
Laser Scattering Type
Resistive
Inductive
Othes
Market segment by Application
Chemical Analysis
Medical Research
Biopharmaceutical
Others
Major players covered
Hach
Particle Measuring Systems
Bakrona
Kanomax FMT
Pamas
Rion
Innovative Nanotech
Beckman
TSI
Shanxi Puluody Measurement and Control Technology
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Ultrapure Water Particle Counter product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Ultrapure Water Particle Counter, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Ultrapure Water Particle Counter from 2018 to 2023.
Chapter 3, the Ultrapure Water Particle Counter competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Ultrapure Water Particle Counter breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value and growth by regions, from 2018 to 2029.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2018 to 2029.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value and market share for key countries in the world, from 2017 to 2022.and Ultrapure Water Particle Counter market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2024 to 2029.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, Porters Five Forces analysis, and Influence of COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of Ultrapure Water Particle Counter.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe Ultrapure Water Particle Counter sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.
1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Ultrapure Water Particle Counter
1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
1.3 Market Analysis by Type
1.3.1 Overview: Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Consumption Value by Type: 2018 Versus 2022 Versus 2029
1.3.2 Laser Scattering Type
1.3.3 Resistive
1.3.4 Inductive
1.3.5 Othes
1.4 Market Analysis by Application
1.4.1 Overview: Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Consumption Value by Application: 2018 Versus 2022 Versus 2029
1.4.2 Chemical Analysis
1.4.3 Medical Research
1.4.4 Biopharmaceutical
1.4.5 Others
1.5 Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Market Size & Forecast
1.5.1 Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Consumption Value (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
1.5.2 Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity (2018-2029)
1.5.3 Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Average Price (2018-2029)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
2.1 Hach
2.1.1 Hach Details
2.1.2 Hach Major Business
2.1.3 Hach Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Product and Services
2.1.4 Hach Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.1.5 Hach Recent Developments/Updates
2.2 Particle Measuring Systems
2.2.1 Particle Measuring Systems Details
2.2.2 Particle Measuring Systems Major Business
2.2.3 Particle Measuring Systems Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Product and Services
2.2.4 Particle Measuring Systems Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.2.5 Particle Measuring Systems Recent Developments/Updates
2.3 Bakrona
2.3.1 Bakrona Details
2.3.2 Bakrona Major Business
2.3.3 Bakrona Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Product and Services
2.3.4 Bakrona Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.3.5 Bakrona Recent Developments/Updates
2.4 Kanomax FMT
2.4.1 Kanomax FMT Details
2.4.2 Kanomax FMT Major Business
2.4.3 Kanomax FMT Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Product and Services
2.4.4 Kanomax FMT Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.4.5 Kanomax FMT Recent Developments/Updates
2.5 Pamas
2.5.1 Pamas Details
2.5.2 Pamas Major Business
2.5.3 Pamas Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Product and Services
2.5.4 Pamas Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.5.5 Pamas Recent Developments/Updates
2.6 Rion
2.6.1 Rion Details
2.6.2 Rion Major Business
2.6.3 Rion Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Product and Services
2.6.4 Rion Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.6.5 Rion Recent Developments/Updates
2.7 Innovative Nanotech
2.7.1 Innovative Nanotech Details
2.7.2 Innovative Nanotech Major Business
2.7.3 Innovative Nanotech Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Product and Services
2.7.4 Innovative Nanotech Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.7.5 Innovative Nanotech Recent Developments/Updates
2.8 Beckman
2.8.1 Beckman Details
2.8.2 Beckman Major Business
2.8.3 Beckman Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Product and Services
2.8.4 Beckman Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.8.5 Beckman Recent Developments/Updates
2.9 TSI
2.9.1 TSI Details
2.9.2 TSI Major Business
2.9.3 TSI Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Product and Services
2.9.4 TSI Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.9.5 TSI Recent Developments/Updates
2.10 Shanxi Puluody Measurement and Control Technology
2.10.1 Shanxi Puluody Measurement and Control Technology Details
2.10.2 Shanxi Puluody Measurement and Control Technology Major Business
2.10.3 Shanxi Puluody Measurement and Control Technology Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Product and Services
2.10.4 Shanxi Puluody Measurement and Control Technology Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.10.5 Shanxi Puluody Measurement and Control Technology Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: Ultrapure Water Particle Counter by Manufacturer
3.1 Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.2 Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Revenue by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.3 Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Average Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.4 Market Share Analysis (2022)
3.4.1 Producer Shipments of Ultrapure Water Particle Counter by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2022
3.4.2 Top 3 Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Manufacturer Market Share in 2022
3.4.2 Top 6 Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Manufacturer Market Share in 2022
3.5 Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
3.5.1 Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Market: Region Footprint
3.5.2 Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Market: Company Product Type Footprint
3.5.3 Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Market: Company Product Application Footprint
3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
4.1 Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Market Size by Region
4.1.1 Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Region (2018-2029)
4.1.2 Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Consumption Value by Region (2018-2029)
4.1.3 Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Average Price by Region (2018-2029)
4.2 North America Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Consumption Value (2018-2029)
4.3 Europe Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Consumption Value (2018-2029)
4.4 Asia-Pacific Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Consumption Value (2018-2029)
4.5 South America Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Consumption Value (2018-2029)
4.6 Middle East and Africa Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Consumption Value (2018-2029)
5 Market Segment by Type
5.1 Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
5.2 Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Consumption Value by Type (2018-2029)
5.3 Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Average Price by Type (2018-2029)
6 Market Segment by Application
6.1 Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
6.2 Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Consumption Value by Application (2018-2029)
6.3 Global Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Average Price by Application (2018-2029)
7 North America
7.1 North America Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
7.2 North America Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
7.3 North America Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Market Size by Country
7.3.1 North America Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Country (2018-2029)
7.3.2 North America Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Consumption Value by Country (2018-2029)
7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
8 Europe
8.1 Europe Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
8.2 Europe Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
8.3 Europe Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Market Size by Country
8.3.1 Europe Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Country (2018-2029)
8.3.2 Europe Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Consumption Value by Country (2018-2029)
8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9 Asia-Pacific
9.1 Asia-Pacific Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
9.2 Asia-Pacific Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
9.3 Asia-Pacific Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Market Size by Region
9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Region (2018-2029)
9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Consumption Value by Region (2018-2029)
9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9.3.5 Korea Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
10 South America
10.1 South America Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
10.2 South America Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
10.3 South America Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Market Size by Country
10.3.1 South America Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Country (2018-2029)
10.3.2 South America Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Consumption Value by Country (2018-2029)
10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
11 Middle East & Africa
11.1 Middle East & Africa Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
11.2 Middle East & Africa Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
11.3 Middle East & Africa Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Market Size by Country
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Sales Quantity by Country (2018-2029)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Consumption Value by Country (2018-2029)
11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
12 Market Dynamics
12.1 Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Market Drivers
12.2 Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Market Restraints
12.3 Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Trends Analysis
12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
12.5 Influence of COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War
12.5.1 Influence of COVID-19
12.5.2 Influence of Russia-Ukraine War
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
13.1 Raw Material of Ultrapure Water Particle Counter and Key Manufacturers
13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of Ultrapure Water Particle Counter
13.3 Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Production Process
13.4 Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Industrial Chain
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
14.1 Sales Channel
14.1.1 Direct to End-User
14.1.2 Distributors
14.2 Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Typical Distributors
14.3 Ultrapure Water Particle Counter Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
16.1 Methodology
16.2 Research Process and Data Source
16.3 Disclaimer